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Thermodynamics: The Science of Heat, Work, and Energy (Laws, Heat Engines & Entropy Explained) Introduction

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  Thermodynamics: The Science of Heat, Work, and Energy  Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that governs  energy, heat, and work —explaining everything from steam engines to black holes. Whether you're studying  11th-grade physics  or exploring engineering concepts, mastering thermodynamics is essential. This article covers: ✔  The Four Laws of Thermodynamics  – Fundamental principles of energy. ✔  Heat Engines & Refrigerators  – How machines convert heat into work. ✔  Entropy & The Arrow of Time  – Why disorder always increases. ✔  Real-World Applications  – From car engines to quantum thermodynamics. Let’s dive into the fascinating world of energy transformation! 1. The Four Laws of Thermodynamics Zeroth Law: Thermal Equilibrium "If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other." 🔹  Meaning : Defines  temperature  as a measurable property. 🔹...
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What Is Humalin ????

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  What Is Humalin ? Humulin  is the man-made insulin, which is made by the recombinant DNA by genetic engineering. Humulin  R (insulin (human recombinant)) is a hormone that is produced in the body used to treat diabetes.   A small piece of circular DNA called a plasmid is extracted from the bacteria cell or yeast. Humulin N is injected under the skin. It should not be injected into muscle or veins. Doses of insulin are measured in units. U-100 insulins, including Humulin N, contain 100 units/mL. With the Humulin N U-100 vial, it is important to use a syringe that is marked for U-100 insulin preparations.
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What is Rh- Factor (Rhesus antigens) Rh positive and Rh Negative?

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Rh- Factor (Rhesus antigens) Landsteiner and Wiener discovered in 1940 that the surface of human RBCs contains a protein that is also found in the RBCs of Rhesus monkeys. So it was termed as Rh antigen or Rh factor . Those persons who have this factor are called Rh+ Positive and those person who have no this factor are called Rh- Negative . Both Rh-Positive and Rh-Negative persons are quite normal. The problem arises when Rh Negative blood comes in contact with Rh Positive blood either due to blood transfusion or during pregnancy. Incompatibility During Blood Transfusion The Rh Negative blood can be given safely to an Rh positive individual . When Rh positive blood is transfused into Rh negative person, the recipient forms antibodies in his/her blood. However, no complications develop after the first transfusion. In case of a second transfusion of R h positive blood to an Rh negative person, the latter's anti- Rh factors attack and destroy the donors red blood cells...
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