Science Plus Coaching

Colligative properties are those properties of a liquid which depend on the number of solute particles and not on the concentration of the solution. These properties are studied in liquids. As per these properties, the mixing of a non-volatile solution in a volatile solution shows a decrease in the relative vapour pressure of the solution. Furthermore, this decrease in the vapour pressure can be further used to quantify and study the properties of all liquid solutions. Specifically, colligative properties are dependent upon the solute particles present in a given solution. Derived from the Latin word ‘Coligare’, the word, colligative refers to ‘binding together’. There are four colligative properties namely- relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point and osmosis and osmotic pressures. Related to these properties, the following deductions can be made: Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure  When a non-volatile solute is added

Vapour pressure can be defined as pressure formed by the vapor of the liquid (or solid) over the surface of the liquid. This pressure is formed in a thermodynamic equilibrium state in a closed container at a certain temperature. Liquid’s evaporation rate is identified by the equilibrium vapor pressure. Vapour pressure increases with the temperature. The boiling point of the liquid is the point when the pressure exerted by surrounding equals to the pressure exerted by vapor. In this chapter, we will study more about the Vapour Pressure on liquids and its characteristics. Vapour pressure of Liquid - Liquid Solutions  To evaluate this, we need to  take two volatile liquid solutions. Let us name their liquid components as A and B. After placing the volatile liquid with their components in a closed vessel, we find that equilibrium establishes between the liquid phase and vapour phase. Suppose P total  is the overall vapour pressure at an equilibrium state and let P A  and P B  be

A binary solution is nothing but a homogeneous mixture of two substances. These two substances or components are the solute and the solvent.  The solute is the substance that gets dissolved. It is present in a smaller quantity. On the other hand, the solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute. It is present in a comparatively larger quantity. There are different types of solutions. But, what is the basis of their differentiation?   Types of Solutions Solutions are of different types, based on a number of criteria, like the difference in the solute or the solvent etc. Let us now look at the different types of solutions, based on different criteria. On the basis of water as Solvent  Based on the whether the solvent is water or not, solutions are of two types. Aqueous solutions:  These solutions have water as the solvent .  Examples of such solutions are sugar in water, and carbon dioxide in water, etc. Non-Aqueous Solutions:   These solutions have a solvent th

Osmotic pressure is the pressure that we need to apply to stop the flow of solvent molecules from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane. Now, the above statement has many terms that need a thorough explanation. We will look at them one by one. Let us consider the semi-permeable membrane. It is a membrane that selectively allows the movement of particles through it. At some point or the other, we all have seen shrivelling of raw mango when it is pickled in salt water. Blood cells collapse when exposed to saline water. Q1. Osmosis a reason for cholera? Ans: Osmosis allows for terrible things to happen, as well. Cholera would not be possible without osmosis. The choleric bacteria populate in our intestines and begin to reverse the intestinal cells’ ionic orientation. In other words, it changes the way ions and, subsequently, water transport in our intestines. It means that cholera performs a perfect coup. First of all, when our Ions’

To, The Headmaster, (School Name) (Address) Sir, This is to kindly request you to grant my son ____________ (Son name) a student of class ____________, Section ____________, of your school leave for ____________ (No of days) He is down with high fever and has been advised complete rest by the doctor. I shall be much obliged.                                                  Thanking you,                                                Yours faithfully,                                                  (Your Name)

To, The Principal, (School Name) (Address) (Date) Sir, With due respect I beg to state that I am not in a position to attend the school as I am down with Chicken-Pox. Since it is a communicable disease, I have been advised quarantine and a few days complete rest. Therefore kindly grant me leave for 7 days from ____________ (Date).                                                 Your obedient pupil                                                   Abhishek kumar.                                                        Class - XII.                                                                      Roll no. - 12

To,         The Principal,                                                       RDS College, Muzaffarpur 842001. Subject - Request to issue a Character certificate. Dear Sir,               I praveen kumar, a regular student of your college. I have passed BA hons in History and I urgently require a character certificate to submit SSB INTERVIEW. My registration no. Is 12056 and roll no. Is 292828. Passing year 2018. I shall be grateful, therefore, If you kindly issue me a character certificate. 11 January 2019                                              Your faithfully.                                                Abhishek kumar 

To,      The Principal,                                                        Science College, Patna. Respected Sir,                      As I am in bed with an attack of influenza, I will not be able to attend the class. Doctor has advised me to take rest one week. I request you to be kind and grant me leave for one week from today. 12 march 2019.                                                             Your faithfully,                                                                                                     Pooja Kumari                            

                                                  Turki,                                                      Muzaffarpur 844127                                          3rd February 2019. The Manager,                                                       ICICI BANK, MUZAFFARPUR. Sir,         I read your advertisement in yesterday's Dainik Jagran News paper and feel interested in the post of clerk in your office.       I am 25 years old and I have done B. Sc. Honours in Chemistry. I was placed first class with 75% marks.       I know both English and Hindi well and I have also a working knowledge of Bengali.       I am quite healthy and am capable of hard work, I have also good knowledge of computer.        I hope to be granted an interview call from you.                                     Yours faithfully.                                         Aniket kumar

To,      The Branch Manager                                          State Bank of India, Turki Subject - Request Letter to Bank account                       Transfer. Respected Sir,                          I am an account holder in your prestigious bank. I am smriti singh, My account no. Is  29282888333. Due to my job transfer, I have recently been relocated to,  Gandhi maidan Patna.                  I would be obliged if you would transfer my bank account maintained with your branch to the bank branch located in Gandhi maidan, Patna. The charges for the process of transferring my bank account may be debited to my account. I enclose a copy of leave and license agreement of my current residence. I hope you would pay your upmost consideration to my request and would do the needful                                     Thanking you.                                        Your sincerely Name - A/c no. Current address Transfering address  Date Signature. 

To,        The Branch Manager.                                          State bank of India, Turki Subject - Request to issue a Cheque Book. Respected Sir,                           This is to bring to your attention that I am an account holder in your bank, with account no. 392729299.      Your employees are very helpful and I am completely satisfied with your services. I am writing this application letter to inform you that I urgently require a Cheque Book .            So, please issue me a Cheque Book as soon as possible.                                             Thanking you                              Name -                              A/c no.                             Address                             Mobile no.                            Date -                                              Signature 

To,      The Branch Manager.                                          Sindicate Bank, Muzaffarpur. Subject - Request Letter to reissue of an                             ATM Card. Respected Sir,                         It is inform you that I am an account holder in your bank, I already had an ATM Card but  it has been missing by me while travelling back to my home from the office.            I kindly request you to block my previous ATM card and reissue me another one as soon as Possible so that my routine work is not disturbed. I shall be very thankful to you.                                    Thanking you                         Name - Silpi Kumari                         A/c-  838262929897                         Previous ATM NO. - - - - -                         DATE-----