What is Rh- Factor (Rhesus antigens) Rh positive and Rh Negative?

Rh- Factor (Rhesus antigens)



Landsteiner and Wiener discovered in 1940 that the surface of human RBCs contains a protein that is also found in the RBCs of Rhesus monkeys. So it was termed as Rh antigen or Rh factor. Those persons who have this factor are called Rh+ Positive and those person who have no this factor are called Rh- Negative.

Both Rh-Positive and Rh-Negative persons are quite normal. The problem arises when Rh Negative blood comes in contact with Rh Positive blood either due to blood transfusion or during pregnancy.



Incompatibility During Blood Transfusion

The Rh Negative blood can be given safely to an Rh positive individual . When Rh positive blood is transfused into Rh negative person, the recipient forms antibodies in his/her blood. However, no complications develop after the first transfusion.

In case of a second transfusion of Rh positive blood to an Rh negative person, the latter's anti-Rh factors attack and destroy the donors red blood cells. Therefore it is always adviced that the patient's Rh factor is determined before transfusion.



Incompatibility During  Pregnancy

A serious problem arises if an Rh Negative mother is carrying an Rh positive foetus. The Rh positive blood of the foetus will stimulate the formation of anti-Rh factor or antibodies in the mother 's blood . During the first pregnancy , enough antibodies are not produced to harm the foetus.


But during  the second pregnancy , if the foetus is Rh positive more antibodies will be produced in

 mother's blood. Due to the cumulative effect of antibodies produced the second time, in addition to the antibodies already present in mother's blood , a large number of RBCs of the foetus are destroyed. This causes death of the foetus. This is called Erythroblastosis foetalis. 



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