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Class 11 Chemistry     First Law Of Thermodynamics and Its Limitations. This law is given by Helmholtz and Robert Mayer. This law is also known as “Law of conservation of energy” ( law of Thermodynamics) . According to this law, “Energy can neither be created nor can be destroyed although it can be converted from one form into another form. OR “Total energy of the universe remains constant”, or “Energy of an isolated system is constant.” The internal energy of the system can be changed in two ways : By allowing the heat to flow into the system or out of the system, Called Law Of thermodynamics . By doing such work on the system or by the system. Consider a system whose internal energy is U1 Now if the system absorbs q amount of heat, then the internal energy of the system increases and becomes U1 + q If work is done on the system then its internal energy further increases and becomes U2 . Thus, U2 = U1 + q + w or U2 – U1 = q + w or ∆U = q + w The above relationship is mathem...

  Hormonal control of urine formation. Urine formation is under the control of two hormones- Aldosterone and Anti diuretic Hormone (ADH). * ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)- This hormone released from the posterior lobe of pituitary gland, increases the permeability of the renal tubule to water. When the blood plasma is concentrated, more ADH is secreted and more water is reabsorbed in the urinary tubules. Hence urine passed out from body is concentrated, for example in summers. When the blood plasma is diluted ,  less ADH is secreted and less water is reabsorbed in the urinary tubule. In this case , dilute urine is passed out of the body, for example in winters.                    Aldosterone - A hormone released from the adrenal cortex , influences re-absorption of sodium and potassium. This hormone regulates the amount of sodium and potassium that is to be retained in the blood and is to be excreted. Some common diseases relate...

Rh- Factor (Rhesus antigens) Landsteiner and Wiener discovered in 1940 that the surface of human RBCs contains a protein that is also found in the RBCs of Rhesus monkeys. So it was termed as Rh antigen or Rh factor . Those persons who have this factor are called Rh+ Positive and those person who have no this factor are called Rh- Negative . Both Rh-Positive and Rh-Negative persons are quite normal. The problem arises when Rh Negative blood comes in contact with Rh Positive blood either due to blood transfusion or during pregnancy. Incompatibility During Blood Transfusion The Rh Negative blood can be given safely to an Rh positive individual . When Rh positive blood is transfused into Rh negative person, the recipient forms antibodies in his/her blood. However, no complications develop after the first transfusion. In case of a second transfusion of R h positive blood to an Rh negative person, the latter's anti- Rh factors attack and destroy the donors red blood cells...

Biology  Active Transport :-  The passage of salt or ions of a substance from its lower concentration to higher concentration utilizing the energy from the cell through a living membrane is known as Active transport . Active transport is just opposite of diffusion. The ions of certain elements such as nitrate , sulphates ,manganese, etc . Cannot easily pass through the cell membranes of root cells. This is because their concentration is higher inside.  Passive Transport :- Diffusion, Osmosis, and Imbibition are the example of Passive Transport . Passive Transport always occur in plants . Imbibition os the process by which plant cell (living or Dead) absorb water by surface attraction. Imbibition results in swelling of tissues for germination of seeds. Swelling of wooden doors during rainy season is also due to imbibition.  Hope you like it. Please like, Share, and Subscribe. Visit for Latest Shayari, Whatsapp status, Best Love Status in Hindi. Click :-  http://...

  What is Transpiration ? The loss of water as water vapour from the  aerial parts of the plant is called Transpiration . We know that roots of a plant absorb water and mineral from the soil. This water then flows up the root and through xylem vessels in the stem to the leave. A small amount of water is used by the plant for photosynthesis and other activities. Rest of it evaporates from the surface of spongy mesophyll cells and diffuse out of the pores in the leaves called stomata. Transpiration is different from evaporation. There is a continuous loss of water from the leaves by Transpiration . The water lost from leaves is continuously replaced by more water which flows from leaf xylem vessels. Water flows from xylem vessels to the surface of mesophyll cell of the leaves by two routes.      1.  Imbibition :- Most of the water flows directly through the porous cellulose walls of the mesophyll cells.      2. Osmosis :- A small amount of...